•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Digital data such as images, audio, and video have become widely available since the invention of the Internet. Due to the ease of access to this multimedia, challenges such as content authentication, security, copyright protection, and ownership determination arose. In this paper, an explanation of watermark techniques, embedding, and extraction methods are provided. It further discusses the utilization of artificial intelligence methods and conversion of host media from the spatial domain to the frequency domain; these methods aim to improve the quality of watermarks. This paper also included a classification of the basic characteristics of the digital watermark and the most recent areas in which the watermark was used. A comparative analysis of watermarking technologies has been conducted over the past few years (from 2018 to date), and a set of challenges are discussed, such as domain, robustness, security, and visual imperceptibility, as well as methods to address them. The findings of this paper demonstrate that employing intelligent methods can enhance the robustness of the watermark by making it undetectable and challenging to manipulate the host media.

Download

Share

COinS